Analysis Of Always Running And The Freedom Writers

Life is not a straight road that one can follow and not worry, no there are bumps and turns in life which is why everyone’s life is unique. Life s a journey that one creates, not one that is set in stone. In life there are many choices that we make that can sometimes lead us to severe consequences. In life, some choices we make can lead to tremendous consequences but they can also make us learn many important values that can help us throughout life. In the story of Always Running and The Freedom Writers, the main character faces many obstacles and has many tough and sometimes life changing choices to make, but the main characters learn from their choices and thus changing their next decision. In the story of Always Running, Luis who†¦show more content†¦In addition to Luis dealing with drugs and joining more violent gangs, he has also started to inhale from aerosol cans, which makes you high. Luis had started to use aerosol after he was kicked out of school. Aeroso l was very dangerous and could lead to death. Luis almost committed suicide if his friends did not pull him from aerosol one more can. â€Å"Once I sniffed with Chicharron and Yuk Yuk behind the â€Å"boys† Market in San Gabriel. I don’t remember the trip, but they told me I suddenly stood up and proceeded to repeatedly bang my head against a wall. Pieces of hair and skin scraped on the brick. Chicharron walked me home; refused to give me any more spray.†(102) Poor decisions can lead to death, Luis could have died if it was not for his friend Chicharron. The consequences of Luis doing spray was that his head was bruised and he lost some brain cells. Then another time when he was inhaling with his friends Wilo and Baba; â€Å"Wilo pulled back and looked into my eyes. A haze covered everything. I felt dizzy. And pissed off. â€Å"Give me the bag, man.† â€Å"No way,† Baba Said. â€Å"You died Chin- you stopped breathing and died.† I tried to get up, but fell back to the ground. A kind of grief overwhelmed me. I was no longer this dream. I was me again. I wished I did die.† (104) Luis was feeling miserable about his life and tried to commit suicide, but his friends saved him. In Always Running, the movie The Freedom Writers tells a story about how a teacher learns with theShow MoreRelatedMark Twains Humorous Satire in Running for Governor1692 Words   |  7 PagesEnglish æ µ · Ã¥ ¤â€" è‹ ± è ¯ ­ Mark Twains Humorous Satire in Running for Governor ç” °Ã¥â‚¬ © ï ¼Ë†Ã¥ ® Ã¥ ¤ Ã¥ ¤ §Ã¥ ­ ¦ Ã¥ ¤â€"å› ½Ã¨ ¯ ­Ã¥ ­ ¦Ã©â„¢ ¢Ã¯ ¼Å' Ã¥ ® Ã¥ ¤  é“ ¶Ã¥ ·  750021ï ¼â€° Abstract: Mark Twain, a mastermind of humor and realism, is seen as a giant in world literature. His humorous satire had great impact on the following men of letters; critics also attached significant importance to it and put forward various interpretations. Noticeably, his humor⠁Æ' ous satire finds full expression in his famous short story, Running for Governor. 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Her mother was Mexican -American and her father was from Mexico; she makes a clear point the difference between the two cultures. She graduated from Loyola University in Chicago and from there enrolled in a Writers’ Workshop at the University of Iowa. Bad Boys, a book of poetry, was published by a small press company that specialized in Latino literature in 1980. It received little notice. But her first fiction collection, House on Mango St reet, was publishedRead MoreNative Americans And The American Dream1640 Words   |  7 PagesThe United States of America is a country founded on the dreams of foreigners (pilgrims) and a symbol of freedom and a new life. According to the Department of Homeland Security, in 2012, there were 484,072 new, legal entries into the United States†¦ (Batalova, Terrazas). The Times Tribune states, â€Å"There perhaps are no greater dreamers than immigrants, who often leave behind everything to build new lives in the United States† (Lockwood). Like many Americans today, a prosperous life is something manyRead More An Abstract View of Death in Mrs.Dalloway and The Hours Essay1679 Words   |  7 Pagesanswered from behind the tree. The dead were in Thessaly, Evans sang, among the orchids. There they waited till the War was over, and now the dead, now Evans himself - (Woolf 70). Richard Brown, however, is slowly dying of AIDS. He is a writer whos about to receive an award for his work. Most notably was a novel he wrote about the death of his mother, Laura Brown, who abandoned him at a young age. His medications are giving him a similar reaction to time and reality asRead MoreHuman Relations in Camus Novel, The Outsider, from an Existentialist View2123 Words   |  9 PagesExistentialism according to Ian Craib â€Å"is notoriously difficult to define and even those writers covered by the term do not always acknowledge it. According to Simone de Beauvoir ( 1968: 45 – 6 ) â€Å" †¦ we took the epithet that everyone used for us and used it to our own purposes.’ â€Å" ( Craib 1 ) Although, there was a problem in defining the existentialism because of different ideas and different use by the writers we can define it as a philosophical and literary tendency that typically displays aRead MoreEmily Dickinson Essay1254 Words   |  6 Pageswas the second daughter of Edward and Emily Norcross Dickinson. Emily, her brother Austin, and her sister Lavinia were brought up and nurtured in a quiet reserved household headed by their father Edward. Throughout her life, her mother was not always around, or accessible, a fact that is said to have caused Emily’s eccentricity. They were raised in Puritanical Massachusetts, where they were expected to take on their fathers beliefs and values. Because Emily was the daughter of a prominentRead MorePeer Production: An Agent of Good or Evil?1700 Words   |  7 Pagesdecisions. Both James Surowiecki and Andrew Keen examined peer production based on content quality, and its economic and societal impacts. However, Surowiecki’s strengths of peer production outweigh Keen’s weaknesses when compared to Joseph Reagle’s analysis of Wikipedia. Information Quality Firstly, peer production produces better information quality than that of experts. James Surowiecki (2004) argued that merging the independent ideas of many people (who are knowledgeable about a topic) is useful

Fellowship Of Ring Book Free Essays

In his novel, Tolkien uses the conflict between characters and nature to each society that the consequences Of disrupting nature are immediate and devastating. The meaning of nature in this context is not referring to the orientation of a certain thing, but instead it is referring to the natural world. In Toolkit’s novel, the natural world can be symbolized the realm of his fictional Middle Earth. We will write a custom essay sample on Fellowship Of Ring Book or any similar topic only for you Order Now The hobbies run into several conflicts with nature on their journey through Middle Earth. For example, as they are preparing to go into the Old Forest, Merry Brandenburg tells the other hobbies about the Bonfire glade saying, â€Å"The hobbies came and cut down hundreds of trees, and made a retreat bonfire in the Forest, and burned all the ground in a long strip east of the Hedge. † (Tolkien 1 57) In the story, the Old Forest is not viewed as a forest today would be viewed. The Forest that the hobbies travel through is actually alive and has a personality and feelings. Therefore, the bonfire made by the people of Backhand can be seen as a terrible act of genocide in the context of the story. This act of cruelty is the foundation for the Forest’s hate against Frond, Sam, Pippin, and Merry. Furthermore, the manifestation of the revenge of the Forest can be seen when Old Man Willow, a willow tree in the Forest, swallows Merry and Pippin. By putting a tree that can seek revenge and swallow people whole into his story, Tolkien highlights the importance of the immediate consequences of society’s abuse of nature. Later, Sam and Frond try to think of how to get Merry out, and Sam says, â€Å"If it don’t let them go, I’ll have it down if I have to gnaw at it. (Tolkien 1 66) The aggression shown by the tree is only followed by more aggression from Sam. Tolkien wants us to end this constant cycle of aggression. Merry warns Sam from inside the tree that, if they hurt Old Man Willow any more, the tree will split him in two. If Sam does not stop his aggression, there will be deadly consequences for Merry Brandenburg. Here, Tolkien reveals to us the devasta ting and deadly consequences of society’s aggression towards nature. Today, one of the biggest consequences of society’s abuse of nature is global warming. By not being environmentally aware of the consequences of our actions, we have caused a situation that could potentially be catastrophic. By using these conflicts of character versus nature, Tolkien teaches today’s society that it needs to recognize these immediate and deadly consequences and stop the hectically show of aggression it has towards nature. In addition to the conflict of person versus nature, Tolkien uses the conflict between a character and his fate to show that people should choose their own fate and make their own destiny. It is easy to see in the novel how some characters are enunciating of their fate, while others are not only accept their fate, but freely choose it. For example, when Frond first finds out from Gangland how important the ring is, he is much less than accepting of the task that is ahead of him. Frond whines, â€Å"Gangland, what am to do? For now am really afraid. What am to do? What a pity that Bilbo did not stab that vile creature [Googol], when he had a chance! † (Tolkien 92) Gangland scolds Frond for wishing death upon someone so unreasonably. Frond realizes he was at fault and eventually does accept his task of carrying the ring because he has to. However, it seems that if he had to choice, he would not want the responsibility of the ring. On the contrary, Sam is completely willing to accept his fate. After Sam sees the elves that he has been so curious about, Frond gives him the choice to continue following him On the journey or to go back to the shire. Sam replies, â€Å"l don’t know how to say it, but I seem to see ahead, in a kind of way. Now we are going to take a very long road, into darkness, but know can’t turn back. I don’t rightly know what I want: but I have something to do before the end, and it lies ahead, not in the shire. † (Tolkien 127) Sam does not know what his fate is. All he knows is that he needs to follow it. After Cam’s encounter with the elves and the decision to follow his fate, he grows in maturity and takes on more responsibility. Tolkien wants people today to be like Sam, and accept what they have to do and be active in choosing their own Sistine, even though it may not be in their interest. Most importantly, Tolkien uses the conflict between the character and himself to show that people should fight for something that is greater than themselves. In this story, Tolkien stresses that friends should fight for one another. The hobbies are not very brave creatures, but Frond and his fellowship would do anything for each other. For example, Frond thinks about leaving his friends behind and escaping the barrow-Wight but, â€Å"the courage that had awakened in him was now too strong: he could not leave his friends so easily. Tolkien 195) He stays and fights for his friends by drawing out his dagger and cutting off the hand of the crawling arm that was about to lop off the heads of his unconscious friends. This was a selfless act by Frond, and it took an enormous amount of courage on his part to not run away. Today people are very selfish and greedy. People obsess over themselves so much that they rarely consider others when making decisions, even if they are considered friends . Through the internal conflict of Frond, Tolkien is teaches people that they should act with the same kind Of selflessness that Frond did. How to cite Fellowship Of Ring Book, Papers

Marketing and Management of Coca Cola †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Marketing and Management of Coca Cola. Answer: Introduction Coca Cola is a beverage company and is known for its carbonated soft drinks produced and delivered to the customers. Previously, it was a patent medicine company, but soon it introduced itself as a carbonated soft drink manufacturer company, which followsgood marketing strategies and has created a dominant position in the world soft drink market. The drinks offered by the company are referred to as the two ingredients including the kola nuts, which is a source of caffeine and coca leaves. The formula, which is used by the company to prepare the carbonated soft drinks, has been kept secret, though there are various evidence related to the experimental recreations and recipes used (Aaker and Joachimsthaler 2012). It has made billions of customers happy and kept them refreshed from the 20th century. Few of the products offered by the company are Coke Zero, Coca Cola, RC Cola, Kola Real, Cavan Cola, etc. The actual purpose of developing this report is to analyse the various marketing and management approaches undertaken by Coca Cola and the orientation of the company towards marketing. The report will also include the role of brand and products offered along with the analysis of 5Cs of the company through evaluation of companys strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Market analysis of Coca Cola Overview of the organisation and the industry The Coca Cola brand has a net worth of more than $74 billion, which is much better than Pepsi, Red Bull, Starbucks, Budweiser, etc. It was previously a patent medicine, but with time the company created a sustainable place in the market and with the use of proper marketing techniques, the company gained itself a dominant position in the soft drink market (colacompany.com 2017). Coca Cola is a carbonated soft drinks production and manufacturing company. It was a patent medicine company previously, but with the advancements in technology and communication nowadays, the marketing approaches became much more convenient and led to the formation of a sustainable market place within the business environment (Araujo and Neijens 2012). The name of the product offered by Coca Cola mainly relies upon the two most important components including the coca leaves and kola nuts that are considered as a major source of caffeine. The products of the company are sold in over 200 countries all over the world with an average downing of consumers of more than 1.8 billion beverage servings every day. Coca Cola acquired Minute Maid, Thums Up, Barqs and many other companies for expanding business and ensure that all the products and service are marketed properly in each of the segments of markets worldwide (colacompany.com 2017). Based on the Annual Report, due to the huge numbers of customers, Coca Cola has marketed its products and services wisely, because of which there had been 50 billion beverage servings of all kinds of products consumed daily by the consumers (Armstrong et al. 2015). The beverages hold the trademarks owned and licensed by the company for approximately 1.5 billion. Vision and Mission Coca Cola is one of the largest and most popular brands, which sells good quality carbonated soft drinks all over the world. The company owns other soft drink brands such as Fanta, Diet Coke, Coke Zero, Minute Maid, etc. The companys offerings are mainly the non-alcoholic beverages and syrups which have kept people happy and satisfied by fulfilling their needs and requirements too in an effective manner (Baker 2014). The vision of the company is to accomplish the business objectives and ensure that the bottlers deliver people with a good place to work, deliver a portfolio of products to customers for fulfilling their needs and requirements. The vision also includes creating a network of partners to expand business easily and develop sustainable communities, which can help in maximising the long term return to shareholders and increase production level too (Balmer 2012). The mission of the company is to refresh the people in mind, body and spirit, allow them to encourage situations of happiness through the brand product consumption and furthermore create value by making differences and managing changes (Berthon et al. 2012). Organisation's orientation towards marketing The company focuses on two orientation approaches, especially the product orientation and market orientation for focusing on the production process and identify, analyse and review the needs of consumers in the market in a consistent manner. The orientation to marketing allows the company to identify, evaluate and assess the demands and preferences of customers in the market and deliver products and services accordingly. The market orientation has been reflected through the mission statement of the company, and it shows that the company manages its business operations based on the demands and preferences of customers (Best 2012). On the basis of their requirements in various market segments, a wide range of products and services, especially the ready to drink non-alcoholic beverages to the customers. The senior management has committed to the benefits of marketing to develop the brands vertically. The orientation towards marketing has helped Coca Cola to create value by meeting the needs of consumers and support the existing brands for generating growth and development too. The marketing strategy involves research on packaging, development of precise communication with consumers and gaining their feedbacks for managing any changes or improvements (Bruce and Solomon 2013). To enhance the market approach, the company has committed itself to reinvent successive generation of customers through delivery of a wide range of new drinks through a wide variety of choices, refreshment, excitement and fun. The marketing orientation allows the company to consider the needs and requirements of customers while making decisions and then ensure that the preferences of the targeted audiences are met with ease and effectiveness. With the immense competition in the market, it is essential for the business organisation to become more product and market oriented rather than customer oriented. This would allow the organisation to deliver products that suit the needs of people within the market and furthermore stay ahead of other competitors (Chattopadhyay, Batra and Ozsomer 2012). The marketing mix strategy has been followed by the company for matching up with the needs of consumers and obtains the desired positive outcomes with ease. The products offered by the company are non-alcoholic beverage drinks including Coca Colas owned products along with wide range of other products too such as Fanta, Sprite, etc. The quality of products and prices of those are responsible for influencing the buying behaviours of consumers too (colacompany.com 2017). The place refers to the areas where the company distributes its products like the retail stores, wholesalers and everywhere worldwide. The distribution strategy has helped the company to place its products wisely and grab the attention of customers thereby achieving good turnover figures as well. The products are also available at supermarkets, vending machines, which show the companys intensive distribution strategy. The prices are set with the use of competitive pricing strategy, and this has reduced the cost expenditures and allowed the company to use the additional money for advertising purposes to keep the interests of customers stable (Czinkota and Ronkainen 2013). The promotional strategies are useful for Coca Cola to distribute its products in different market segments properly and gain a large customer base. The promotional campaigns include personalised selling, sales discounts, advertisements of televisions, newspapers, magazines, etc., which has improved the brand image a nd identity and generated more loyalty and trust among the customers too (De Mooij 2013). The role of brand and products offered Few of the major brands of Coca Cola are Fanta, Diet Coke, Coke Zero, Minute Maid, Sprite, etc. The brands sell non-alcoholic beverages and soft drinks, and these are offered for making the customers have some refreshment and remain energised as well. The actual role of brands is to offer customers with good quality non-alcoholic beverages and efficiently fulfil their needs and requirements (Hastings and Domegan 2013). Analysis of the 5Cs of the organisation Company Strengths and Key Resources Coca Cola is one of the largest beverages brands according to its global and national reach and sales. The company has been present in more than 200 countries worldwide, and more than 500 brands are offered. The company has a good financial condition, and with the help of good advertising and marketing activities, the brand has created a sustainable presence in the market. There have been celebrity endorsements, which have enhanced the brand image and identity too (Hollensen 2015). The corporate social responsibilities are major strengths of the company too such as the water conservation and recycling, education, health, etc. The environment-friendly packaging activities allow for recycling and reusing, which further enhanced the brand image. The company is also associated with international sports events and sponsorships. All these have made Coca Cola one of the costliest brands with highest brand equity. Coca Cola has the largest market share, and with its good marketing strategies, the younger generation customers have been attracted (Kapferer 2012). The company also experiences good loyalty of customers, and because of the good taste, the customers fail to find out other substitutes for the products offered by Coca Cola. The robust distribution network allows controlling the distributors properly including wholesalers, bottlers, retailers and ensures successful business expansion all over the world (Lambert and Schwieterman 2012). The resources are termed as the inputs given to the company for the production of goods and services, and it can be both tangible and intangible. The tangible resources are physical attributes whereas the intangible resources include trademarks, patents, location, knowledge and skills of workers. The capabilities of the firm are marketing, placing the orders, everyday business operations, etc (McDaniel and Gates 2012). Weaknesses One of the major weaknesses could be the presence of pesticides that were found in the beverages, and this had deteriorated the brand image and identity. The competition by other business organisations like PepsiCo has further created a constant fight over the market shares. Coca Colas product diversification is low compared to PepsiCo, which has diversified into snacks segment with offerings like Kurkure, Lays, etc. The carbonated beverages consumption are huge factors influencing intake of fat, and Coca Cola has been one of the largest manufacturers of carbonated beverages (Morgan 2012). The company was blamed for its excessive utilisation of water in areas where there had been lack of water, and there were reported news of mixing pesticides in the water for clearing the contaminants as well. Opportunities Diversification can help Coca Cola to improve the wide range of products and services offered, and the supply chain can also distribute snacks, thereby balancing a load of supply chain costs as well. The introduction of healthy beverages can increase during summers, and this will result in higher consumption by people, which is another major opportunity for the firm to capitalise. Packaged drinking water has contributed to the healthy drinking habits of people, and there is huge potential for business expansion too (Moth 2012). The supply chain management will allow improving the transportation and distribution facilities and reduce the cost of business operations. Threats The threats are caused due to the presence of competitive rivalries in business. The coffee chains like Caf Coffee day, Costa coffee, star bucks, etc. have created competition for the carbonated drinks offered by Coca Cola. The health drink brands like Real, Minute Maid, Tropicana, Red Bull have also stolen market share indirectly, thereby causing major threats as well. The sourcing of raw materials can also lead to the downfall in revenue generation and ability to distribute products (Pulizzi 2013). Other threats include rise or fall in the inflation rate, economic slowdown and unstable business market segments. Customers The major customers are local people, international chain or retailers, restaurants, retail stores and small independent business organisations too. The company keeps close contact with customers to developing mutual benefits, and with the help of bottling partners, the customers are served well through various account management teams, who work according to the needs and requirements of customers. Often the customers look for reduced cost of products, improve sales, profit level, and ensure delivery of enhanced quality products. The young generation customers are mostly focused on because they have turned to beverages and share good emotional bonds with Coca Cola (Aaker and Joachimsthaler 2012). There had been lack of sales in the present days, due to which the company had appointed five young design groups from different continents for managing reintegration of coca cola brand into the youths with the inclusion of art, creativity and music. This would influence the buying behaviour of consumers too (Araujo and Neijens 2012). Collaborators Jean-Charles de Castelbajac - The collections of the fashion designing company have been developed through collaborations managed by Coca Cola World Wide licensing team. AIM-PROGRESS Coca Cola has been a member of AIM-PROGRESS, which is one of the major forums of fast moving consumer goods manufacturer and suppliers. This has helped in promoting responsible sourcing practices through collaboration with the brand (Armstrong et al. 2015). The River Trust- Coca Cola has collaborated with River Trust to protect, promote as well as enhance the river environment and maintain ecological balance in nature and furthermore conserve water and prevent wastage. Hindustan Coca-Cola Beverages Pvt. Ltd. It is a part of the Bottling Investments Group ofCoca-Cola, and it has more than 24 bottling plants at various strategic locations all across India. Most of the bottling operations for Coca-Cola India are managed by this (Baker 2014). McDonald's McDonald's and Coca-Cola alliance is a huge success, and this has helped in letting the customers enjoy a healthy meal with a soft drink, thereby contributing largely to Coca Cola's returns. Endomondo - The company has a strategic alliance with Endomondo, and to create a global reach, Coca Cola has introduced mobile app and social network for managing communication with customers and grow the customer base by entering new markets (Balmer 2012). The company has collaborated with the health professionals to manage the production of mini-cans and zero calorie beverages, which can contribute to healthy eating habits of people. Competitors The major competitors in business for Coca Cola are PepsiCo, Nestle, DR Pepper Snapple Group Inc. All these are soft drinks manufacturing company, though PepsiCo offers a wide range of snack items too, which has decreased the market share for Coca Cola in the competitive business environment. This has created threats for the company, and with the introduction of substitute products in the market, the company may even face lack of sales (Berthon et al. 2012). Context The marketing context allows for assessing the external environmental factor, which is responsible for business growth and success of Coca Cola. Political factors The One Day without Coca Cola campaign launched by University organisations of the Social Nicaraguan Movement resulted in protests against the US led invasion of Iraq, thereby creating a negative impact on the revenue generation and profit level of Coca Cola. The Food and Drug Administration or FDA managed the non-alcoholic beverages, and Coca Cola was subjected to Occupational health and safety Act for fulfilling the various requirements based on the rules and regulations followed (Best 2012). The changes in accounting standards, taxation requirements, environmental laws, pressures put by competitive pricing strategies also affected business functioning and revenue generation. The Governmental changes and strategies also helped the company to form strategic business alliances with local bottlers and enhance the packaging and distribution of products (Bruce and Solomon 2013). Economic factors The growth in the economy of the country along with changes in tax rate, currency exchange rates, rates of interest, the cost of labour also affected the functioning of Coca Cola. After the financial crisis in 2009 also, the company held a good position by managing an operating margin of 22% though the dividend yield or return was reduced to 2.6%.The changes in the exchange rate is another economic factor, which led to the reduction of profits of Coca Cola by 55 percent (Chattopadhyay, Batra and Ozsomer 2012). Social factors The customers have increasingly become aware of health and well being, and the beverages are considered as contributors to health diseases like obesity, sugar, etc. This also created a huge decline in sales for the company. The functioning of Coca Cola is also affected by changes in demographic conditions, changes in family values and beliefs, income level and media perception too (colacompany.com 2017). Due to the increased awareness of health, the company has served customers with bottled water, diet colas such as Coca Cola light and Coke Zero. Technological factors The technological advancements have brought huge improvements by improving the advertising and marketing activities done by using televisions, internet web sites and also including social media for making more people aware of the products and services of Coca Cola. The packaging design was improved, thereby giving more scopes for carrying the bottles and dispose of. The production of Coca Cola has also increased, and with the introduction of new factories and new technological equipment and machineries, the quality and speed of production have also increased largely (Czinkota and Ronkainen 2013). Legal factors The legal environment within which Coca Cola operates is considered as legal factors. The introduction of age discrimination and legislations regarding disability, minimum wage act and recycling laws have created an impact on the organisational activities. The legal factors have also affected the cost of business operations by reducing the cost of operations and increasing the demands, thereby influencing the buying behaviours of customers too (De Mooij 2013). Conclusion The concentrate is produced by Coca Cola, which is afterwards sold to the Coca Cola bottlers all over the world. The bottlers manage the finished products in cans and then combine with filtered water and artificial sweeteners to bring a good taste. After the packaging is over, the bottles are sold to the customers through distribution in retail stores, restaurants and vending machines. Coca Cola amounts to up to 78 percent of the sales of the company, which has also helped in contributed to the economy of the country as well. The tastes of consumers have been changing from time to time, and this has made them stop the sugary drinks, which can bring bad health impacts due to the presence of artificial sweeteners (Hastings and Domegan 2013). Recommendations Few recommendations for improving the companys functioning and improvement of business efficiency are stated below. It is recommended to be innovative regarding marketing, brands as well as maintain good relationships with the customers. The collaborative working is recommended for enhancing the production level by working with other business partners and as the strategic alliance. The changing of some structures of the firm is needed for enhancing the commitment to community and environment where Coca Cola operates. Training of staffs is recommended along with allowing them to learn about time management for enhancing the business operations efficiency and contribute largely to business growth and development. For improving the market share and profit level, Coca Cola must focus on the acquisition of other beverages company and partnerships for extending the business map and enhance the global reach for business expansion. References Aaker, D.A. and Joachimsthaler, E., 2012.Brand leadership. Simon and Schuster. Araujo, T. and Neijens, P., 2012. Friend me: which factors influence top global brands participation in social network sites.Internet Research,22(5), pp.626-640. Armstrong, G., Kotler, P., Harker, M. and Brennan, R., 2015.Marketing: an introduction. Pearson Education. Baker, M.J., 2014.Marketing strategy and management. Palgrave Macmillan. Balmer, J.M., 2012. Corporate brand management imperatives.California Management Review,54(3), pp.6-33. Berthon, P.R., Pitt, L.F., Plangger, K. and Shapiro, D., 2012. Marketing meets Web 2.0, social media, and creative consumers: Implications for international marketing strategy.Business horizons,55(3), pp.261-271. Best, R., 2012.Market-based management. Pearson Higher Ed. Bruce, M. and Solomon, M.R., 2013. Managing for media anarchy: A corporate marketing perspective.Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice,21(3), pp.307-318. Chattopadhyay, A., Batra, R. and Ozsomer, A., 2012.The new emerging market multinationals: Four strategies for disrupting markets and building brands. McGraw Hill Professional. colacompany.com (2017).Coca-Cola Journey Homepage. [online] The Coca-Cola Company. Available at: https://www.coca-colacompany.com/ [Accessed 23 Jul. 2017]. Czinkota, M.R. and Ronkainen, I.A., 2013.International marketing. Cengage Learning. De Mooij, M., 2013.Global marketing and advertising: Understanding cultural paradoxes. Sage Publications. Hastings, G. and Domegan, C., 2013.Social marketing: From tunes to symphonies. Routledge. Hollensen, S., 2015.Marketing management: A relationship approach. Pearson Education. Kapferer, J.N., 2012.The new strategic brand management: Advanced insights and strategic thinking. Kogan page publishers. Lambert, D.M. and Schwieterman, M.A., 2012. Supplier relationship management as a macro business process.Supply Chain Management: An International Journal,17(3), pp.337-352. McDaniel, C. and Gates, R., 2012.Marketing research essentials. Wiley Global Education. Morgan, N., 2012. Time for mindfuldestination management and marketing.Journal of Destination Marketing Management,1(1), pp.8-9. Moth, D., 2012. How Coca-Cola Uses Co-Creation to Crowdsource New Marketing Ideas.Econsultancy. com. Pulizzi, J., 2013.Epic content marketing: How to tell a different story, break through the clutter, and win more customers by marketing less. McGraw Hill Professional.

Philosophy Of Gatsby Essays - Philosophy, Epistemology, Deception

Philosophy Of Gatsby This book, The Great Gatsby, is a tale of deceit and the silent despair in the world of the human. Everything is not what it is made out to look like and often convincing as such. It is created by and creates the fear of being left in that portal which is the object of escape and the depths of despair. It shows life is a whirlwind which cannot be controlled, and many times even for the sick is not wished to be controlled because humans are too worrisome over what will and will not be and would rather turn their backs than face what is real. Distressing to look at and face but bliss to ignore and get on with the life which you know nothing about and never will know about because you are too stupid not to have the thought to want to know about. Humans do not do what is best for them and others only what will protect them from austerity, leading the path wide open for the dullness and loneliness they cannot find within themselves because yet again they ignore it with stupidity. This is a sad, pathetic, and rueful story showing the discontent and avarice that lies within the human mind. On the other hand, it shows the nescience, naivet?, and overall dullness of the mind who tries for something that is already to far gone to worry about, often the characteristics of the heart. The battle of the heart and mind is one that has and will go on for ages and is too petty of a matter to suffer over because if you let one or the other control it is much to easy to ruin yourself. I am what I cannot be and am what I am not. My mind tells me I am not what I believe and want to be, but my heart tells me I am what I believe and want to be so I must be what I am not. But what am I? Am I life or death? Am I old or new, close or far? But I am what I believe to be, but belief is rarley fact. Then what of fact? Is it truth or still just belief? Is anything truth? Or, is everything real? All myths and legends surround life and make life what it is or is not. So all must be true. Isnt it? The moral of the story: Everything is truth so you cannot lie, but the truth that you do lie is what causes suffering. Book Reports

Examine the success of Llewellyn in relation to Josiah, Kelly and “Marketweb” separately from Nixon The WritePass Journal

Examine the success of Llewellyn in relation to Josiah, Kelly and â€Å"Marketweb† separately from Nixon Introduction Examine the success of Llewellyn in relation to Josiah, Kelly and â€Å"Marketweb† separately from Nixon IntroductionThe tortuous liability of NixonBibliography Related Introduction If Llewellyn is to stand any chance of success he must firstly prove that: (i) That the parties involved owed him a duty of care, (ii) that the parties were in breach of this duty;(iii) that those relevant breaches caused Llewellyn’s damage, both in fact and in law, and; (iv) that the law will allow the recovery of any losses Llewellyn may have incurred. It is convenient to examine the success or otherwise of Llewellyn in relation to Josiah, Kelly and â€Å"Marketweb† separately from Nixon. The general principle with regards to the establishment of a duty of care is the neighbor principle as formulated in Donoghue v Stevenson [1932]: 1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"One must take reasonable care to avoid acts or omissions which you can reasonably foresee would be likely to injure your neighbour.† The scope of this principle was expanded considerably by Lord Wilberforce in Anns v Merton London Borough Council [1978] with the introduction of a two tier test. The effect of this two tier test was to expand considerably the scope of the tort of negligence, but the test has been the subject of much judicial criticism, having being overruled on its facts by the House of Lords in Murphy v Brentwood District Council [1990]. In Murphy the House noted that reservations had been expressed regarding the two-tier test and stated a preference for the incremental approach of Brennan J in Sutherland Shire Council v Heyman [1985]. It was this approach, suggests J Convery, that ultimately led to the modern formulation of the duty of care in Caparo Industries Pcl v Dickman [1990]. However, the courts have been reluctant to impose a duty of care with regards to the careless making of statements as opposed to liability for careless acts. Despite this, in Hedley Byrne v Heller [1964] the House of Lords held that a duty to take care in making statements could arise. Normal Donoghue principles were not to be applied as a strict application of these principles would have led to too great a liability. Instead, it was held that a duty of care would arise where there was a special relationship between the parties. For such a relationship to arise: (i)  Ã‚  Ã‚   The representor must have a special skill. (ii)   The representee must reasonably rely on the misrepresentation. (iii)   The defendant must have some special knowledge of the type of transaction in question: eg Smith v Eric Bush [1989] It is these criteria which must be utilised in assessing the respective positions of the parties alongside more modern criteria which will be discussed later. As regards the first criteria, it is clear that Josiah, an investments advisor and the long-standing chair of the planning committee, possesses a special skill, as does Kelly being a countryside planning ambassador. Although the Privy Council in Mutual Life v Evatt [1971] took a narrow view of this criterion, the Court of Appeal has followed the more â€Å"liberal minority† view:Esso Petroleum v Mardon [1976]; Howard Marine and Dredging v Ogden [1978]. As Lord Denning MR stated, when distinguishing Bisset v Wilkinson [1927] in Esso; special skill could manifest itself in the fact that the parties are not â€Å"equally able to form an opinion†. Therefore it is submitted that Kelly, Josiah and Marketweb satisfy the first criteria of the threefold test. Establishing the second criteria is potentially problematic. The Privy Council has, again, taken a very narrow view of this criterion: Royal Bank Trust v Pampellonne [1987 . However W.A Seavey proposes a somewhat simplified approach; that it is reasonable to rely on a person who â€Å"possesses more than the normal knowledge† in any given area of expertise. If this submission is to be accepted then, again it appears that the second criterion is satisfied with respect to all three parties. It should also be noted that if such reliance is absent, the plaintiff may, in exceptional cases, rely on ordinary Donohue principles as was established in Ross v Caunters [1980]; White v Jones [1993]. However it appears from the facts that this is not appropriate. As regards the third criteria, it is submitted that the facts indicate Josiah and Marketweb have prima facie special knowledge of property transactions. Kelly, however does not appear to have special knowledge of property transactions, therefore it is submitted that she does not owe Llewellyn a duty of care as regards any negligent misstatements, and any action against her is likely to fail. In addition it is likely that the â€Å"fair and reasonable† requirement laid out in Caparo. Lord Bingham commented: 1)  Ã‚   â€Å"The requirement cannot, perhaps, be better put than it was by Weintraub C.J. in Goldberg v Housing Authority of the City of Newark (1962):Whether a duty exists is ultimately a question of fairness. The inquiry involves a weighing of the relationship of the parties, the nature of the risk, and the public interest in the proposed solution.† Based on this analysis, it seems unfair to impose a duty with respect to â€Å"friends†.   Indeed this is the position occupied by C Witting,whilst the opposite, he contends, can be said for relationships of a business nature. It is thus submitted that based on the three criteria, Josiah owes Llewellyn a duty of care as regards any negligent statements he may make. Although it appears that Marketweb may be in the same position, recent case law may indicate otherwise; modern case law seems to prefer tests based on proximity of relationship in conjunction with a requirement that the duty imposed is fair and reasonable: Jain v Trent Strategic Health Authority [2009] The case of Patchett v Swimming Pool and Allied Trades Association Ltd. [2009] is closely analogous to the present facts. The claimants were looking to build a swimming pool and they (the claimants) came across the website of the Swimming Pool Allied Trades Association and the works duly commenced. Prior to complet ion, the secondary retailer became insolvent and ceased trading, leaving the works unfinished.   The dispute between the parties arises out of statements made on SPATAs website: it stated that â€Å"installation will be completed fully to SPATA Standards come what may!†.In court, Worster J held that SPATA did not owe the Patchetts a duty of care in making certain statements on its website. The essential reason given was that while the defendant no doubt knew that the representations on their website would likely be acted upon, it would not expect consumers to do so without further enquiry. The court found that the third criteria necessary for establishing a relationship between the maker of a statement and the recipient who relies on that statement, as set out in the case of Hedley Byrne v Heller, was not satisfied: â€Å"It is known, either actually or inferentially, that the advice [or representation] is likely to be acted upon by the advisee without independent inquiry.† It is submitted then, that the same principles can be applied to the facts at hand. Although Marketweb would have expected consumers to act upon their advice, they would not expect consumers to do so without further enquiry. Thus, it could be argued that, despite fulfilling the three criteria stated above, the third criteria for the original Hedley Byrne v Heller test is not satisfied. Therefore it is submitted that Marketweb does not owe Llewellyn a duty of care as regards any negligent misstatements they may make, and any action by Llewellyn is likely to fail on this basis.   Having established the respective positions of the parties as regards duty of care, it is now necessary to examine if they are in breach of that duty. In the case of all three parties, it is submitted that any negligent misstatements would arise from the omission to mention the development of the club complex despite the lodging of the plans two years prior. The issue of an omission rendering a statement negligent was cogently examined in Banque Financiere de Late Cite CA v Westgate Insurance Co [1989]where it was stated: 2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"Can a mere failure to speak ever give rise to liability in negligence under Hedley Byrne principles? In our view it can, but subject to the all-important proviso that there has been on the facts a voluntary assumption of responsibility in the relevant sense, and a reliance on that assumption† It was generally established that with regards to careless acts the law will impose liability, but it will not impose liability in respect of omissions; see for example the speech of Lord Goff in Smith v Littlewoods Organisation [1871] where his lordship stated this general rule and identified four exceptions. By analogy, in negligent misstatement, one might assume while liability may arise in respect of a negligent misstatement, no liability will arise from a failure to speak. Essentially, the statement from Banque Financiere de Late Cite CA v Westgate Insurance Co [1989] states that no liability will attach to a failure to speak subject to just one exception, namely where there has been a voluntary assumption of responsibility and reliance upon that assumption. One may begin by asking what the Court of Appeal meant by the phrase ‘voluntary assumption of responsibility’, as in Smith v Eric Bush [1989] the House of Lords rejected the view stated in Hedley Byrne v Heller [1964], that a duty of care with regard to negligent misstatement (a spoken misstatement) arose from a voluntary assumption of responsibility and this view was repeated by the House of Lords in Caparo Industries v Dickman [1990]. In Smith it was said that the phrase â€Å"assumption of responsibility† can only have any meaning if it is understood as referring to the circumstances in which the lawwill have deemed the maker of the statement to have assumed responsibility to the person who acts on the advice, and by amending the â€Å"voluntary† element, essentially has turned the test from a subjective to an objective one. Thus, what was said in Banque Finaciere could be rephrased by saying that a failure to speak can give rise to liability only where the duty to speak arises. It then seems appropriate to apply this interpretation to the facts at hand; that is an omission to speak. It is thus submitted that the law would impose such a duty on Josiah, given the ruling in Ried v Rush Tompkins [1990]. In this case Ralph Gibson LJ stated that a duty not to cause economic loss may be owed even without an assumption of responsibility by the person giving advice or reliance by the person receiving it, although both May LJ and Neil LJ reserved their opinions on this point. Therefore, it is submitted that Josiah is in breach of his duty to Llewellyn. It is clear from the facts of the question that the loss suffered by Llewellyn is pure economic loss. It must therefore be considered in which situations the law will allow for such loss. As W Bishop states â€Å"the law of torts severely restricts recovery by a plaintiff for financial losses suffered in consequence of the negligent conduct of the defendant†. The traditional approach of the courts was to deny recovery of economic loss that was not consequent upon damage to the person or property of the plaintiff: Spartan Steel Alloys v Martin [1973]. However, in Junior Books v Veitchi [1983]the House of Lords allowed recovery for economic loss suffered by the plaintiff when a firm of contractors, with whom the plaintiff had no contractual relationship, laid a floor defectively. It was held that there was such a relationship of proximity between the plaintiff and the defendant that the plaintiff owed the defendant a duty of care to avoid economic loss. Junior Books was decided when the two-tier test of Lord Wilberforce in Anns v Merton London Borough Council [1978] was still used to determine the existence of a duty of care and the House of Lords relied heavily on the fact that the plaintiff had nominated the defendant to lay the floor and had relied on the defendant to carry out his work properly, that this reliance was known to the defendants and that the damage was a direct and foreseeable result of the defendants’ negligence. Interestingly, Lord Brandon dissented on the grounds that the decision effectively created contractual obligations while circumventing contractual concepts such as privity and consideration. Subsequent cases have not followed Junior Books; in parallel with the retreat from Anns, which formed the basis for Junior Books, the latter case had been the subject of much judicial criticism. In Muirhead v Industrial Tank Specialities [1986] Junior Books was not followed and in Aswan Engineering Establishment v Lupdine [1987] it was said that â€Å"where the defect renders the product less valuable the plaintiffs remedy lies in contract, and where the defect creates a danger to others the remedy lies in Tort† and that Junior Books was the â€Å"first to cross this line†. In DF Estates v Church Commissioners [1989] Lord Bridge stated that the consensus of judicial opinion seemed to be that Junior Books can not be regarded as laying down any general principle. In Simaan General Contracting v Pilkington (no 2) [1988]Dillon LJ went even further and said that the case had been subject to so much discussion and analysis that the case cannot be regarded as a useful pointer to any development of law. Given the extensive criticism of Junior Books, Llewellyn must be advised that there is little chance of successfully suing Josaih in Tort for the economic loss he has suffered. Dependant on the facts of the question, a remedy may lie in contract. The tortuous liability of Nixon As mentioned previously, the courts have been reluctant to impose a duty of care as regards the careless making of statements as opposed to liability for careless acts.   Applying the three fold test laid out in Hedley (as regards negligent misstatements) to the facts of the question, it appears that none of the constituent categories are satisfied when considering Nixon. It is not evident that, besides being a â€Å"renowned gossip†, Nixon posses any special skills, and it is likewise submitted that he does not have any special knowledge of the transaction in question.   In addition to this, if Nixon is a â€Å"renowned gossip†, then it is submitted that Llewellyn cannot be said to reasonably rely upon his statements, thus failing to fulfil the third requirement of the Hedley Byrne v Heller test. The use of Twitter by Nixon also raises issues with regards to his liability. In Caparo Industries v Dickman [1990] the House of Lords considered the situation where a person puts a statement into general circulation, as opposed to the situation where the defendant is aware of the transaction the plaintiff contemplated, knew the advice would be communicated to the Plaintiff and knew it was likely that the plaintiff would rely on this advice (as, for example in Smith v Eric Bush [1989]). In the former case it was held that no duty would arise as the essential requirement of proximity was missing. It is submitted that this principle can be likewise applied to the present facts. Finally, it is clear from the language in Nixon’s tweet is couched in that of an opinion. As Steven J. Weingarten states: the plaintiffs reliance on a statement will generally not be seen as justifiable if he relies on an opinion as opposed to a statement of fact†. It is therefore concluded that based on the principles discussed, any action taken by Llewellyn against Nixon is likely to fail. Bibliography W. Bishop â€Å"Economic Loss in Tort† 2(1) Oxford Journal of Legal Studies (1982) J. Convery, â€Å"Public or Private? Duty of Care in a Statutory Framework: Stovin v Wise in the House of Lords† 60 (4) Modern Law Review (1997) P. Fargo, â€Å"Current Legislation, Decisions, and Publications†17 Forum 533 (1981-1982) A.L. Goodhart, â€Å"Liability for Innocent but Negligent Misrepresentations† 74(2) Yale Law Journal (1967) W.A. Seavey, â€Å"Principles of Torts† 56 Harvard Law Review (1943) S.J. Weingarten, â€Å"Tort Liability for Nonlibelous Negligent Statements† 93(4) Yale Law Journal (1984) C. Witting, â€Å"Duty of care: An analytical approach† 25 (1) Oxford Journal of Legal Studies (2005)

Building a Portfolio Style Website

Building a Portfolio Style Website Short History and Development of HTML HTML, decrypted as a Hyper Text Markup Language. The first version of HTML appeared in 1986, in 1991 it has been significantly modified. From then until today, there have been several versions of the substantially modified. In 1995 published a second version – HTML 2.0. After the release of the second version immediately began work on the next generation of HTML. And In 1997 comes the recommendation HTML 3.2, which added a mark-up language tables, frames, images and some other important tags. The 4th version of HTML 4.01 started in 1997, recent changes appeared 24.12.1999. HTML5 It is the fifth and current version of the HTML standard; it was published in October 2014. HTML5 structure consists of a plurality of elements:    †¦    †¦ Some few examples tags and applicable attribute of HTML 1. is mandatory for the image element is mandatory for the URL of the link. This is a paragraph. Importance of CSS in web des ign and outline its evolution from CSS1 to CSS3. The first CSS specification, CSS1, became a World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) recommendation in December 1996. CSS2 came out in 1998. The work on CSS3 has been going on for years, but seems to advance very slowly So, what exactly does CSS stand for? It stands for Cascading Style Sheets — and â€Å"style sheet† refers to the document itself. Ever web browser has a default style sheet, so every web page out there is affected by at least one style sheet — the default style sheet of whatever browser the web page visitor is using — regardless whether or not the web designer applies any styles. For example, my browser’s default font style is Times New Roman, size 12, so if I visited a web page where the designer didn’t apply a style sheet of their own, I would see the web page in Times New Roman, size 12. Examples of rules created in CSS:   p{ color: #02031c; } B)   body{ background -color:   #caefc6; } Outline the four steps involved in developing a site and choice of web authoring tools available. Planning, Research Design Development Testing website Hardware and software tools you need for web design Web designing takes much more than most people think. It is about ensuring that you have all the relevant hardware and software tools required to design a good and appealing website. One of the most important tools you need a computer. A computer to be used for web design should have a large hard disk and Random Access Memory, high processing speed and large storage capacity to be able to process the large video files. The next thing you need is a server that you will use to host the website. Two servers are needed, the hardware and software servers which are important for web hosting. The relevant software for instance Dreamweaver and Microsoft front page need to be available before any progress can be made in construction of the site. How the importance of the following will affect in design a website? Target market Every website should be designed for the target audience – not just for yourself or the site owner. It is therefore very important to understand who your target audience is.

Case study 5 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

5 - Case Study Example The natural environment offers luxury, a sense of rejuvenation as well as romance and intimacy that comes with hotels. The tropical gardens and spas which also used the natural environment in the treatment by use of natural herbs and spices as well as the interior designing with the same natural environment theme attracted a wide number of customers from the old to the young generation. This is in addition to the prices that are not as exorbitant as is the case with luxurious hotels. What this unique branding strategy has done is to ensure that the Banyan Tree hotel chains are relaxing and hence attract many corporate people who want pure and total relaxation in areas away from limelight but which also present a sense of security and what better places than secluded areas with a heavy hint of the nature which is relaxing. This strategy which has been maintained in all their hotel chains has contributed to the sustainability of the brand as regular high clients are maintained and they attract new customers regularly as well. 2. The Banyan Tree has experienced many crisis events and has been able to continue on a path of growth and expansion. Based on its past experiences, what key elements would you include in a plan for crisis prevention and management plan for Banyan Tree and describe why proper planning is important in today’s global environment? The hotel chain has experienced a chain of crisis such as depression in the hotel business, tsunami, stiff competition, high expenses, restrictions by some countries on importations of food and other goods among others. These crisis demands different specific elements to prevent as well as manage them. When it comes to depression in the hotel industry, nothing much can be done in this area and the only way the brand can prevent itself from going under is to have established a regular customer base where even if the hotel fails to attract new customers, it is dependent on its

Argument Analysis Advertising Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Argument Analysis Advertising - Assignment Example Yet the notion of advertisement in persuading the consumers remains the same. Over the last 10 years the advertisement media have developed immensely principally led by the digital media revolution (Kelley & Jugenheimer, 7). The paper will seek to analyze the reason behind the changing structure of advertisement with logical underpinnings. The backdrop will be online advertising. 2. Online advertisement- A dominating business Online advertising in the present world has become one of the most significant businesses generating huge revenues related to the web based businesses. The development of the websites at very cost effective structure has led the smaller web sites like that of the blog sites earn huge revenue. The online internet marketing forms the nucleus of the estimated aggregate e-commerce economy worth $34 billion. In the year 2008, online advertising in the United States of America accounted for around 8.8 percent of all forms of advertising. The potential of the online ad vertising is also boosting as per the estimates of the market analysts (Evans, 2). 2.1 Supply side analysis The suppliers get the ease in carving out a niche in their business by driving consumers directly to the sites which is basically a large platform where the consumers can explore the varieties of goods and services and purchase them by making few mouse clicks. The cost of advertising is highly minimized in this case. The enhanced technologies lead the suppliers in executing efficient business operations matching the exact needs of the customers. The networking chains also get amplified in the online advertisement. As an instance it can be said that if a person has visited an organization’s website and possess interest in the industry then they can recommend it to other people interested in business which is an example of precision marketing. Online marketing also comes with much lower risks as with the development of the technology it helps the entrepreneurs in judging properly the status of the business and making cost benefit analysis (Mapping the Display landscape, 8). There are many other supply side causes that led to the rapid development of online advertising but the scope of discussion is limited and hence the relevant ones are elucidated. 2.2 Demand side analysis The consumers can shop their favorite stuffs sitting in the comfort of the room at the expense of just a few clicks and they possess greater control over the content they view on the website as compared to traditional media like television. Majority of the online advertising inventory possess a real time and customized platform for the particular viewer (Evans, 2). As compared to the traditional advertising, the consumers are no longer just receivers at one end of the communication but also actively take part in the marketing process with the inclusion in the development as well as that of the distribution of the advertisements. The consumers collaborate in the structuring of mar keting and develop a more efficient personal relationship with the companies (Liu, 5). The online advertising allows the economy for the reduction of the amount of resources which are allocated in developing content for the purpose of

Ethical Theory, Business Practice and the Corporation Essay Example for Free

Ethical Theory, Business Practice and the Corporation Essay If I would be about to handle the situation of Speedy Motors, there are some things that I would consider first before making decision especially the crucial ones like this. I think it would be best to solve this problem by finding the equitable welfare for all the stakeholders of the company. Given there are only a few more time before the company shuts down, I would call for a meeting for all of the employees and workers of the company and explain to them the real situation of the company. Moreover, I would also stressed out that they would be receiving additional separation pay for the damages that will be done by the company regarding the short notice of shutting down of operation. I could also possible give them educational plans for their siblings and refer some of them to other close companies of Speedy Motors to enable them to find a job right away. With the said structure of giving information of the company as with the current situation of the operation, there is a big possibility that they would understand the urgency and need to shut down the operation. Although there is a lot of stakeholder that would surely be affected by the said shutting down of the operation of Speedy Motors, at least, the management did made efforts not to happen the worse for all of them. One of the stakeholders of the company would be the workers, of course. With the additional separation pay and other benefits, I think it would be enough to compensate the welfare loss of the workers. Aside from the workers, the community is also part of the stakeholders of the company especially those community that relies on the jobs that are being offered by the company to them. Well, for them, through referring the employees coming from these communities to other close companies of the Speedy Motors, then, in one way or another, the possible loss in the welfare of the community will now be compensated. The last but not the least part of the stakeholders of the company would be their stockholders. With the shutting down of the company, there is a possibility that these investors would earn less from their investments in the company which could pissed them and lost trust on the domestic companies and in order to prevent this kind of scenario, one possible way of compensating the losses of this investors would be to give additional dividend rate for them. The funds that will be used in this strategy are the funds that were produced from the liquidation of the fixed assets of the company like land, building and machineries. The reason why I come up with this kind of solutions would be for the primary reason that it is the responsibility of the company to put the right things into place since in the first place the management of Speedy Motors did made wrong for not disclosing to the stakeholders of the company the financial condition of the company on the right amount of time (O’Toole, 2005). Although competition is already a natural phenomenon in the market, still, the financial aspect of the company, which is an internal matter, should be disseminated to the stakeholders especially to the workers that rely most on their job to the company. One way of informing the workers or disseminating the information would be to release a memo to various department of the company stating the current status of the company and that the management did done its best to prevent the shutting down of the company but unfortunately it did not work out. As for the media, press release would be an effective ways of disclosing the information of the shutting down of the company. With the mass coverage of media, disseminating the said information would be now easier especially in tapping the community that relies on the company and also the loyal customers of the company. Aside from press release, another way by which the company would inform the community regarding the shutting down of the company would be through public announcements to be posted on locations that mostly visited by the members of the community. With this kind of strategy, the welfare of the stakeholders of the company is all considered and I do believe that the efforts of the company to somehow compensate the losses of the identified stakeholders are already enough.

William Goldings Lord of the Flies Essay -- Essays Papers

Lord of the Flies I chose to do one of my book reports on William Golding’s Lord of the Flies. The reason I chose this book is because it deals with many issues that are important to leading a solid Christian based life. It also deals with some issues that were talked about in class, for example discrimination, prayer and civilized behavior. The book starts out with Ralph and Piggy walking through the woods on what appears to be a deserted island. We are told that a plane transporting many young boys between the ages of 5 and 12 crashed on this island and these are the first two characters that we meet. Ralph and Piggy find their way out of the woods and onto a beach where they discover a conch shell that can be played as a horn. Ralph sounds this horn and shortly after a number of young boys emerged from the woods. It is now revealed that no adults are on the island and it is just the boys. They then decide to form a make shift government and piggy appoints Ralph to be the leader since he initiated the meeting. One boy named Jack, a member of a boy’s choir, protests the fact that Ralph was named the leader. So to please Jack, Ralph tells him that he will be in charge of hunting and gathering food, this along with teasing Piggy about his weight pleases Jack. The boys them split up and start to scope out the island and Jack organizes the first hunt, which is unsuccessful. As time goes on Ralph notices that many of the boys aren’t really doing any work and would rather be playing or sleeping instead, this worries him a little. He then goes out to explore the island with a choirboy named Simon, when they came back they called a meeting by signaling the conch. At this meeting Ralph sets up some basic rules. The main ones being that you can only talk at a meeting if you are holding the conch and that a fire must be keep going all the time on top of the mountain in case a ship passed by so that they could be rescued. The other boys like the ideas and rush up the mountain to start a fire. After they gather a bunch of firewood they realize that nobody can start a fire without matches. Piggy then suggests that they use the lenses of his glasses to spark a flame. The fire starts and gets a bit out of hand and Piggy thinks that one of the younger boys has been burned to death. All of the other boys laugh at Piggy and deny the incident. This is the first ... ...ll right. So we see how important parents are and how much they can influence their children. These boys were too young to be stranded alone and they couldn’t distinguish between right and wrong. I’m sure that as adults they would look back and see how hostile and evil they had become. Someone who has a similar view of this book is Kristian Moe who is a teacher in New York. I found this statement at www.malvik.no/engelsk/lordoftheflies.htm, he writes, â€Å"I feel that the book is very sad. In some ways it is even a little grotesque. It portrays human nature in its worst and darkest. It is very scary, and it makes me think about the world wars, and about Hitler’s racism and hatred. I can not believe that we have so many dark sides within us, but maybe we do.† In conclusion, I have to say that I enjoy this book because it is exciting and scary at the same time. I’m sure that everyone at one point in their life has dreamed of being on a deserted island, but I’m also sure that nobody would want their experience to be like the one we see in this book. Unless of course that have no sense of Christian values and are willing to subject themselves to that type of devilish behaviour.

Character Analysis Mr.Marks

Character Analysis Form Actor’s Name: Philip John Play: Intimate Apparel by Lynn Nottage Character: Mr. Marks Physical Traits Sex ?Mr. Marks is a Romanian Orthodox Jewish male immigrant. Age ?Mr. Marks is in his thirties Health ?Mr. Marks has somewhat of a fear of being left alone, he panics when he sees a loyal customer go to another person for fabric and turns to alcohol (tonic) for comfort. Clothing ?Mr. Marks always wears a black suit with a missing button. He wears it because of religious beliefs, it reminds him that every day he lives for God and his ancestors. General Appearance Mr. Marks is a mix of everything he is somewhat sloppy and unorganized because he rolled right out of bed when Esther walked in and left his bedroll right there (he most likely didn’t get a chance to brush his teeth), he is also looks kind of formal since he always has a black suit on due to religious reasons but it also is missing a button that he refuses to fix for the longest time Mann erisms ?Mr. Marks quickly removes his hands away from Esther because it is against his religion to have physical contact with a woman who is unrelated or not married to him Social TraitsClass ?Mr. Marks is a part of the working middle class because he is a fabric dealer and so he has enough money to run that but he also gets really worried when he hasn’t seen Miss Mills fearing she had went to his competitor. Occupation ?Mr. Marks is a fabric dealer and seems very passionate about it. He is always very excited to show Esther his collection and offers only the finest fabrics. Finances ?Along with class, I think that Mr. Marks lives a comfortable life nothing over the top but enough to be financially stable without having to worry about sleeping in a shoebox. Read also: â€Å"Stand and Deliver Character Analysis†Home Life ?Mr. Marks lives by himself but is engaged to a woman who resides in Romania and has never met her Intelligence ?Mr. Marks is very religious and knowledgeable within his profession of the finest fabrics and best quality products. He also knows how to make his flirtations subtle and enough to get the message across without interfering with his religion views Nationality ?Mr. Marks is Romanian and he seems slightly self-conscious about it, for instance when Esther asked him about his wife and he said his fiancee is in Romania Place in Community Mr. Marks is a local fabric dealer Amusements ?Mr. Marks enjoys representing his ancestry and his religious background by wearing his signature black coat. He also enjoys drinking tea amongst selling fabrics of all kinds. Psychological Traits Moral Standards ?Mr. Marks believes that a woman should not touch a man’s hand if they are not married or related to each other. He also does not remove his black suit for sake of tradition and religion. Religion ?Mr. Marks is Romanian Orthodox Jewish Ambitions ?Mr.Marks is attracted to Esther and wants to be able to express that physically however the barrier of his religion intervenes and prevents that relationship to evolve. He overcomes his tradition of wearing only black and puts on a jacket Esther made especially for him. Disappointments ?When Mr. Marks found out that Esther was getting married he was shocked and tried to hide it by offering her his best quality fabric and told her that no one deserves it more then her. He was most certainly upset about this though Concerns ?Mr.Marks gets worried that he will lose Esther to his competitor that is giving away complimentary thread. Abilities ?While Mr. Marks yearns to be with Esther he sets his feelings aside because it is against his morals and he wishes her the best and offers her the finest clothes. He tries his best to hint his emotions towards her b y putting on the new jacket and similar things. Qualities ?Mr. Marks always trying to do his best to make Esther the happiest she can be he compliments her smile all the time and gets content when he sees her happy.

Organisational System Security Internet Security Issues Essay

Adware – Is a software which you get when you have downloaded a different program or software for free or at a reduced price. Its main purpose is to download adverts to your computer screen when you visit websites. Adware is seen by a developer as away to recover costs of making software. But to the general user adverts on there monitor are annoying because it puts them off of what there doing and they have to close every advert down manually. Blackhat – Is a name given to a hacker whose purpose is to access data with out permission and to damage it or change it. Blackhat hackers can do this for arrange of reasons to make profit or as a hobby. They may also send other users viruses, internet worms or spam them. This type of hacker is known as the bad guy in the computer world. Botnet – Is a software robot, when a spammer sends out viruses to general users a Bot is attached to it. Once the spammer has control of the infected computers then they will have to purchase a Botnet which then lets them operate the controlled computers, then the spammer will send out a message to the computers cause them to send spam to mail servers, resulting in users opening up there mail will have tons of junk. Denial of service – Is an attack which leaves users with out use of the services of a website which they would normally use. The DoS attack does not normally mean the controller of it has stolen information, but has cost the company which it has targeted money and time. This can cause users that use that company’s website to purchase what they want from another website meaning that company’s business rivals are making money from the DoS attack on them. Exploit – Is a software which contains commands that take advantage of a computer system with weak security, the purpose of an exploit is to give a user more privileges on a computer system allowing them to access more data which was previously restricted from them. A weakness in the exploit is that it stops running when a newer version of the software is installed. Keylogger – Is a device which you can get as software or hardware it is connected or installed inside your keyboard. Its function is to log in keystrokes. There are many different reasons why we may use this such as helping fix computer system errors or seeing how an employee users there keyboard to see if there good at there job. You can purchase Keylogger’s off the internet. Malware – Is a software, its task is to damage a computer system such as to give a computer system a virus. Malware gets its name from the beginning of the word malicious and the ending of the word software. Malware’s include arrange of harmful programs such as computer viruses, worms, Trojans, rootkits and sometimes adware. Packet sniffing – Is a software or hardware which is used to analyze traffic that is passing through over a network. The packet sniffer checks each packet then decodes them so that they can be analyzed, to check there content. The analyzing is useful for finding out network problems, monitor network usage from users and debug client and network protocols. This will help maintain a network. Phishing – Is a term given that is a breech of security by a hacker. Such as attempting to acquire sensitive information on other computer users like there usernames, passwords and credit card information. The hackers target popular websites such as eBay, MySpace and PayPal. They get hold of user’s personnel information by sending fake emails pretending to by your bank. Piggybacking – Is a computer word which refers to a user connecting there laptop or computer to another persons internet connection. Then using the internet without the permission of the owner of the internet connection. But if you own a cafà © and have a hotspot this is not considered piggybacking because you have given permission to people to use your hotspot to connect to the internet. Spyware – Is a computer software that is secretly installed on to your computer and can take control over something’s that you do on it. It can install software which you did not want on your computer also it can make you go on websites that you did not click to go on and it could led you to harmful viruses that could affect your computer. When turning off your computer spyware can even change your computer settings. Trojan – A Trojan is a computer virus that appears on your computer designed to cause your computer harm. It has been know to be similar to a worm. Some Trojans may not cause harm to your computer but the six main types of Trojans are ones that cause remote access, data destruction, download, get on to a server, anti – viruses software disabler and denial of service attack. Whitehat – Is the name given to a hacker, who’s purpose is to prevent a breech of security within a company or organization. They are normally employed by a company to protect against there counterparts blackhat hackers who want to hack and steal information and data that does not belong to them. In the computing world the Whitehat hacker is know as the good guy. Worm – Is a computer program which sends copies of its self to networks, designed to cause harm to the network that they have targeted. It likes to eat up the bandwidth used on the network. Worms can also cause serious harm and damage to a computer operating system by attacking the weak parts of the computer. Zero-day Attack – Is a threat to computers, by trying to take control of computer applications that are unknown or patchfree. The attacker that controls the zero-day attack normally sets it up on a public forum because of the number of users that it could affect. Zombie – Is a computer that has been attached to the internet by a computer hacker. The owners of zombie computers do not know that there computers have be compromised. They are normally used as part of a botnet, but while they have been put in zombie mode the hacker can use other user’s computers to send Trojans or other harmful viruses. Resources Adware http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adware Blackhat http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_hat Botnet http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botnet http://www.ibiblio.org/botnet/flora/indexstart.html Denial of service http://searchsoftwarequality.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid92_gci213591,00.html Exploit http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploit_(computer_security) Keylogger http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keystroke_logging http://www.actualspy.com/ Malware http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malware http://www.microsoft.com/technet/security/alerts/info/malware.mspx Packet sniffing http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packet_sniffer http://netsecurity.about.com/cs/hackertools/a/aa121403.htm Phishing http://www.antiphishing.org/ http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/p/phishing.html Piggybacking http://www.thefreedictionary.com/piggybacking Spyware http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spyware Trojan http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trojan_horse_(computing) Whitehat http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_hat Worm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_worm#Protecting_against_dangerous_computer_worms Zero-day Attack http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-Day_Attack http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-zero-day-attack.htm Zombie http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zombie_computer

Embracing Change

Embracing Change Easy words to say. The type of words seen on decorative Facebook posts with oceans in the background, like you never thought about dealing with change before. I recently had a hard day. Not of challenge or obstacles, but of the silent yet keen edge of change. After attending a luncheon featuring an author Id just learned of, an annual event Id attended for years, I left deflated and demoralized, and I couldnt put my finger on the reason why. Actually spent the better part of the day pondering what in the world had knocked my internal gyroscope off its center. My very core felt bruised. Nobody did anything horrendously wrong or broke any social mores to get up at arms about. That literary event had become a staple in my world, but it had developed new leadership, and some of the old guard was gone. The speaker wasnt like the others, a bit formulaic without much inspiration, and the event adjourned with little fanfare, less charm. . . the sense of special gone. It was more about me accepting the fact that nothing remains the same. Im usually good at embracing change, often excited about the opportunity it presents, but this altered an environment around me that Id come to rely upon as. . . unchangeable. It was like losing a close friend, with nobody else around to fill that void the way they did. . . knowing the change was permanent. Like when we have to learn how to publish differently or lose an editor thats always molded us well. Like when a magazine folds for which weve written dozens of pieces. Like when we change to self-publishing because traditional isnt paying as it used to, only to learn that indie is a whole different animal that might not pay any different. Or when publishers (of any kind) change rules and methods weve come to consider second nature. So, I did something I havent done in years. I opened a book of poems. Mary Oliver, to be precise. She was so good at simplifying life and noting whats important. I turned to poetry to calm my mind and to make sense of the change. Change happens, and Im supposed to be a part of it, so I can help it be better, too.

The Tragedy of Eritrean Refugees Caught Up in Libyan and Sinai desert, Essay

The Tragedy of Eritrean Refugees Caught Up in Libyan and Sinai desert, Egypt - Essay Example The direct cause of the current abysmal situation that is often summarised as the â€Å"Eritrean Refugee Crisis† might be traced to the turbulent events of the second half of the 20th century. At the end of the 19th century, Eritrea was colonized by Italians and was eventually turned into the base for the former’s colonial expansion into neighbouring Ethiopia and Sudan. After WWII, the United Nations decided to establish a union between Eritrea and Ethiopia, which came into being in 1952. However, virtual refusal of Ethiopian government to take the interests of Eritrean population into consideration brought about the beginning of a large-scale Liberation War, which lasted for almost thirty years. It is widely believed among Eritreans and non-Eritreans alike that these events and the failure of the international community to prevent Ethiopia from its abuse proved to be a root of the current suffering in Eritrea. In 1974, the Soviet Union became aligned with Ethiopia when a military junta overthrew the traditionalist autocratic regime of Emperor Haile Selassie. Soon, the war escalated when $11 billion in new arms from Moscow were delivered to Ethiopia’s government.

Pppp Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Pppp - Coursework Example Steven Chu, for instance, points to the breaking up of the great ice packs, which will ultimately result in a notable rise in sea level. Unless climate change is halted, this rise will submerge some parts of the earth completely and ultimately cause the death of living things in the coral. The negative impact of greenhouse gases is attributed to global trends in the demand for and supply of energy (S. Chu; Chu and Majumdar). According to Chu (6), â€Å"†¦between 1971 and 2000, the total use of energy doubled and is expected to triple by 2020†, while oil and gas reserves are diminishing by the day. In order to resolve this crisis, many options have been proposed that call for concerted research on the use of bio-based fuels (such the use of grain to generate ethanol), and nuclear fission as well as research on how best to harness inexhaustible energy reserves such as solar and the wind, as well as photosynthesis (Chu and Majumdar; S. Chu). In its 2004 report titled Ending the Energy Stalemate, the National Commission on Energy Policy has made many recommendations with a view to averting the crisis. I outline below some of the recommendations with which I strongly agree. I strongly agree with the recommendation to develop energy technologies for the future (The National Commission on Energy Policy). As we edge closer to the depletion of natural oil resources, it is imperative that we explore new technologies to complement or replace the exploitation of natural oil deposits. As such, I agree that there is need for the government and private sector to increase funding for energy research, and to also provide incentives that will spur production of alternative fuels for the transport sector. I also agree strongly with the recommendation to strengthen critical energy systems. This is because crucial energy systems, including the electricity grid, provide a environmentally friendly energy options, especially if these are generated using inexhaustible

Compare various types of Realistic writing Essay

Compare various types of Realistic writing - Essay Example However, for Bret Harte, the American dream remains a remote reality, even though his writings revel in the West, especially, California. In ‘The Outcasts of Poker Flat’, the lines, ‘With him life was at best an uncertain game’ (Perkins and Perkins, 2007, p. 485) shows Harte’s belief that the American dream is unattainable.   For Red Cloud and Hopkins, the West was their home, so when the settlers began to invade, they felt that their settlement and their existence is threatened. Red Cloud’s speech to the Cooper Union in 1870 in New York shows his views: ‘All I want is right and justice’ (Perkins and Perkins, 2007, p.493). This is considered as the precursor of the demands of equality and justice for different American communities. A similar undertone is sensed in the writings of Sarah Hopkins, a prominent female Native American Activist who wrote, Life Among the Piutes: Their Wrongs and Claims’. In her narrative, the viol ent invasion by the Whites around 1840s, is vivid and emotive (Perkins and Perkins, 2007, p.495). For both Red Cloud and Hopkins, the West represents their own identity and this identify represents the American Dream. References Twain, M (1884) The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. In Perkins, G, and Perkins, B, Eds. (2007).   The American Tradition in Literature, Volume II, 12th edition. (142-143) New York: McGraw-Hill Harte, B (1869). The Outcasts of Poker Flat.

Audience Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Audience Analysis - Essay Example This in turn puts most of them in a comparable social-economic status. Majority are students and either unemployed or doing part-time jobs. In terms of interests, there is the aspect of politics and religion. My audience is comprised of young people who have opinions on virtually everything. They do appreciate politics, maybe not in a similar way though. As for religion, it is all diverse; they belong to varied religious groups from Christians, to Muslims to atheists. I would say that personally, I am quite similar to my audience in all aspects; the ultimate reason for the connection. Altogether, I expect that my audience will be appreciative of my document and me. This is because I voice the concerns of many of them. They are merely youth who seek to be heard by the authorities. They do have needs and expectations; desire for better education, better jobs, and better lifestyles. Perhaps there is a chance that they might dispute my opinion of exercising patience with the authorities as they are all out of it. I do hope though that they will find hope and motivation in the fact that I am willing to speak for them. My readers are well aware of details concerning my topic as it affects them directly. Therefore, they won’t have a problem with comprehension. We all do speak the same language as we belong to a similar affiliation. I will try and use simple enough language for everyone’s comfort. I realize that they may have issues about how I will exercise practicality with my document. I plan to work on this before writing

Production and operations management

Production and operations management Production and Operations Management (POM) is about the transformation of production and operational inputs into outputs that, when distributed, meet the needs of customers. The process in the above diagram is often referred to as the Conversion Process. There are several different methods of handling the conversion or production process Job, Batch, Flow and Group POM incorporates many tasks that are interdependent, but which can be grouped under five main headings: PRODUCT Marketers in a business must ensure that a business sells products that meet customer needs and wants. The role of Production and Operations is to ensure that the business actually makes the required products in accordance with the plan. The role of PRODUCT in POM therefore concerns areas such as: Performance Aesthetics Quality Reliability Quantity Production costs Delivery dates PLANT To make PRODUCT, PLANT of some kind is needed. This will comprise the bulk of the fixed assets of the business. In determining which PLANT to use, management must consider areas such as: Future demand (volume, timing) Design and layout of factory, equipment, offices Productivity and reliability of equipment Need for (and costs of) maintenance Heath and safety (particularly the operation of equipment) Environmental issues (e.g. creation of waste products) PROCESSES There are many different ways of producing a product. Management must choose the best process, or series of processes. They will consider: Available capacity Available skills Type of production Layout of plant and equipment Safety Production costs Maintenance requirements PROGRAMMES The production PROGRAMME concerns the dates and times of the products that are to be produced and supplied to customers. The decisions made about programme will be influenced by factors such as: Purchasing patterns (e.g. lead time) Cash flow Need for / availability of storage Transportation PEOPLE Production depends on PEOPLE, whose skills, experience and motivation vary. Key people-related decisions will consider the following areas: Wages and salaries Safety and training Work conditions Leadership and motivation Unionisation Communication ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ production types of production method Definition In our introduction to production and operations management (POM) we suggested that there are several different methods of handling the conversion or production process Job, Batch, Flow and Group. This revision note explains these methods in more detail. Introduction The various methods of production are not associated with a particular volume of production. Similarly, several methods may be used at different stages of the overall production process. Job Method With Job production, the complete task is handled by a single worker or group of workers. Jobs can be small-scale/low technology as well as complex/high technology. Low technology jobs: here the organisation of production is extremely simply, with the required skills and equipment easily obtainable. This method enables customers specific requirements to be included, often as the job progresses. Examples include: hairdressers; tailoring High technology jobs: high technology jobs involve much greater complexity and therefore present greater management challenge. The important ingredient in high-technology job production is project management, or project control. The essential features of good project control for a job are: Clear definitions of objectives how should the job progress (milestones, dates, stages) Decision-making process how are decisions taking about the needs of each process in the job, labour and other resources Examples of high technology / complex jobs: film production; large construction projects (e.g. the Millennium Dome) Batch Method As businesses grow and production volumes increase, it is not unusual to see the production process organised so that Batch methods can be used. Batch methods require that the work for any task is divided into parts or operations. Each operation is completed through the whole batch before the next operation is performed. By using the batch method, it is possible to achieve specialisation of labour. Capital expenditure can also be kept lower although careful planning is required to ensure that production equipment is not idle. The main aims of the batch method are, therefore, to: Concentrate skills (specialisation) Achieve high equipment utilisation This technique is probably the most commonly used method for organising manufacture. A good example is the production of electronic instruments. Batch methods are not without their problems. There is a high probability of poor work flow, particularly if the batches are not of the optimal size or if there is a significant difference in productivity by each operation in the process. Batch methods often result in the build up of significant work in progress or stocks (i.e. completed batches waiting for their turn to be worked on in the next operation). Flow Methods Flow methods are similar to batch methods except that the problem of rest/idle production/batch queuing is eliminated. Flow has been defined as a method of production organisation where the task is worked on continuously or where the processing of material is continuous and progressive, The aims of flow methods are: Improved work material flow Reduced need for labour skills Added value / completed work faster Flow methods mean that as work on a task at a particular stage is complete, it must be passed directly to the next stage for processing without waiting for the remaining tasks in the batch. When it arrives at the next stage, work must start immediately on the next process. In order for the flow to be smooth, the times that each task requires on each stage must be of equal length and there should be no movement off the flow production line. In theory, therefore, any fault or error at a particular stage In order that flow methods can work well, several requirements must be met: (1) There must be substantially constant demand If demand is unpredictable or irregular, then the flow production line can lead to a substantial build up of stocks and possibility storage difficulties. Many businesses using flow methods get round this problem by building for stock i.e. keeping the flow line working during quiet periods of demand so that output can be produced efficiently. (2) The product and/or production tasks must be standardised Flow methods are inflexible they cannot deal effectively with variations in the product (although some variety can be accomplished through applying different finishes, decorations etc at the end of the production line). (3) Materials used in production must be to specification and delivered on time Since the flow production line is working continuously, it is not a good idea to use materials that vary in style, form or quality. Similarly, if the required materials are not available, then the whole production line will come to a close with potentially serious cost consequences. (4) Each operation in the production flow must be carefully defined and recorded in detail (5) The output from each stage of the flow must conform to quality standards Since the output from each stage moves forward continuously, there is no room for sub-standard output to be re-worked (compare this with job or batch production where it is possible to compensate for a lack of quality by doing some extra work on the job or the batch before it is completed). The achievement of a successful production flow line requires considerable planning, particularly in ensuring that the correct production materials are delivered on time and that operations in the flow are of equal duration. Common examples where flow methods are used are the manufacture of motor cars, chocolates and televisions. +++++++++++++++++++++++++ capacity management the meaning of capacity Introduction The capacity of a production unit (e.g. machine, factory) is its ability to produce or do that which the customer requires. In production and operations management, three types of capacity are often referred to: Potential Capacity The capacity that can be made available to influence the planning of senior management (e.g. in helping them to make decisions about overall business growth, investment etc). This is essentially a long-term decision that does not influence day-to-day production management Immediate Capacity The amount of production capacity that can be made available in the short-term. This is the maximum potential capacity assuming that it is used productively Effective Capacity An important concept. Not all productive capacity is actually used or usable. It is important for production managers to understand what capacity is actually achievable. Measuring capacity Capacity, being the ability to produce work in a given time, must be measured in the unit of work. For example, consider a factory that has a capacity of 10,000 machine hours in each 40 hour week. This factory should be capable of producing 10,000 standard hours of work during a 40-hour week. The actual volume of product that the factory can produce will depend on: the amount of work involved in production (e.g. does a product require 1, 5, 10 standard hours? any additional time required in production (e.g. machine set-up, maintenance) the productivity or effectiveness of the factory Constraints on capacity In capacity management there are usually two potential constraints TIME and CAPACITY Time may be a constraint where a customer has a particular required delivery date. In this situation, capacity managers often plan backwards. In other words, they allocate the final stage (operation) of the production tasks to the period where delivery is required; the penultimate task one period earlier and so on. This process helps identify whether there is sufficient time to meet the production demands and whether capacity needs to be increased, albeit temporarily. Production Scheduling A schedule is a representation of the time necessary to carry out a particular task. A job schedule shows the plan for the manufacture of a particular job. It is created through work / study reviews which determine the method and times required. Most businesses carry out several production tasks at one time which entails amalgamating several job schedules. This process is called scheduling. The result is known as the production schedule or factory schedule for the factory/plant as a whole. In preparing a production schedule, attention needs to be paid to: Delivery dates (when are finished products due?) Job schedules for each relevant production task Capacities of production sections or departments involved Efficiency of these production sections or departments Planned holidays Anticipated sickness / absenteeism / training Availability of raw materials, components and packaging There are two key problems with production scheduling: (1) Measurement of performance (e.g. should financial performance be most important (e.g. minimise the amount of stock), or are marketing objectives more important e.g. always produce enough to meet customer demand). (2) The large number of possible schedules often caused by too much complexity or variety in the production needs of the business. +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ introduction to break-even analysis Introduction Break-even analysis is a technique widely used by production management and management accountants. It is based on categorising production costs between those which are variable (costs that change when the production output changes) and those that are fixed (costs not directly related to the volume of production). Total variable and fixed costs are compared with sales revenue in order to determine the level of sales volume, sales value or production at which the business makes neither a profit nor a loss (the break-even point). The Break-Even Chart In its simplest form, the break-even chart is a graphical representation of costs at various levels of activity shown on the same chart as the variation of income (or sales, revenue) with the same variation in activity. The point at which neither profit nor loss is made is known as the break-even point and is represented on the chart below by the intersection of the two lines: In the diagram above, the line OA represents the variation of income at varying levels of production activity (output). OB represents the total fixed costs in the business. As output increases, variable costs are incurred, meaning that total costs (fixed + variable) also increase. At low levels of output, Costs are greater than Income. At the point of intersection, P, costs are exactly equal to income, and hence neither profit nor loss is made. Fixed Costs Fixed costs are those business costs that are not directly related to the level of production or output. In other words, even if the business has a zero output or high output, the level of fixed costs will remain broadly the same. In the long term fixed costs can alter perhaps as a result of investment in production capacity (e.g. adding a new factory unit) or through the growth in overheads required to support a larger, more complex business. Examples of fixed costs: Rent and rates Depreciation Research and development Marketing costs (non- revenue related) Administration costs Variable Costs Variable costs are those costs which vary directly with the level of output. They represent payment output-related inputs such as raw materials, direct labour, fuel and revenue-related costs such as commission. A distinction is often made between Direct variable costs and Indirect variable costs. Direct variable costs are those which can be directly attributable to the production of a particular product or service and allocated to a particular cost centre. Raw materials and the wages those working on the production line are good examples. Indirect variable costs cannot be directly attributable to production but they do vary with output. These include depreciation (where it is calculated related to output e.g. machine hours), maintenance and certain labour costs. Semi-Variable Costs Whilst the distinction between fixed and variable costs is a convenient way of categorising business costs, in reality there are some costs which are fixed in nature but which increase when output reaches certain levels. These are largely related to the overall scale and/or complexity of the business. For example, when a business has relatively low levels of output or sales, it may not require costs associated with functions such as human resource management or a fully-resourced finance department. However, as the scale of the business grows (e.g. output, number people employed, number and complexity of transactions) then more resources are required. If production rises suddenly then some short-term increase in warehousing and/or transport may be required. In these circumstances, we say that part of the cost is variable and part fixed. ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ quality management introduction One of the most important issues that businesses have focused on in the last 20-30 years has been quality. As markets have become much more competitive quality has become widely regarded as a key ingredient for success in business. In this revision note, we introduce what is meant by quality by focusing on the key terms you will come up against. What is quality? You will comes across several terms that all seem to relate to the concept of quality. It can be quite confusing working out what the difference is between them. Weve defined the key terms that you need to know below: Term Description Quality Quality is first and foremost about meeting the needs and expectations of customers. It is important to understand that quality is about more than a product simply working properly. Think about your needs and expectations as a customer when you buy a product or service. These may include performance, appearance, availability, delivery, reliability, maintainability, cost effectiveness and price. Think of quality as representing all the features of a product or service that affect its ability to meet customer needs. If the product or service meets all those needs then it passes the quality test. If it doesnt, then it is sub-standard. Quality management Producing products of the required quality does not happen by accident. There has to be a production process which is properly managed. Ensuring satisfactory quality is a vital part of the production process. Quality management is concerned with controlling activities with the aim of ensuring that products and services are fit for their purpose and meet the specifications. There are two main parts to quality management (1) Quality assurance (2) Quality control Quality assurance Quality assurance is about how a business can design the way a product of service is produced or delivered to minimise the chances that output will be sub-standard. The focus of quality assurance is, therefore on the product design/development stage. Why focus on these stages? The idea is that if the processes and procedures used to produce a product or service are tightly controlled then quality will be built-in. This will make the production process much more reliable, so there will be less need to inspect production output (quality control). Quality assurance involves developing close relationships with customers and suppliers. A business will want to make sure that the suppliers to its production process understand exactly what is required and deliver! Quality control Quality control is the traditional way of managing quality. A further revision note (see the list on the right) deals with this in more detail. Quality control is concerned with checking and reviewing work that has been done. For example, this would include lots of inspection, testing and sampling. Quality control is mainly about detecting defective output rather than preventing it. Quality control can also be a very expensive process. Hence, in recent years, businesses have focused on quality management and quality assurance. Total quality management Total quality management (usually shortened to TQM) is a modern form of quality management. In essence, it is about a kind of business philosophy which emphasises the need for all parts of a business to continuously look for ways to improve quality. We cover this important concept in further revision notes. ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ quality control Quality control is the more traditional way that businesses have used to manage quality. Quality control is concerned with checking and reviewing work that has been done. But is this the best way for a business to manage quality? Under traditional quality control, inspection of products and services (checking to make sure that whats being produced is meeting the required standard) takes place during and at the end of the operations process. There are three main points during the production process when inspection is performed: 1 When raw materials are received prior to entering production 2 Whilst products are going through the production process 3 When products are finished inspection or testing takes place before products are despatched to customers The problem with this sort of inspection is that it doesnt work very well! There are several problems with inspection under traditional quality control: 1 The inspection process does not add any value. If there were any guarantees that no defective output would be produced, then there would be no need for an inspection process in the first place! 2 Inspection is costly, in terms of both tangible and intangible costs. For example, materials, labour, time, employee morale, customer goodwill, lost sales 3 It is sometimes done too late in the production process. This often results in defective or non-acceptable goods actually being received by the customer 4 It is usually done by the wrong people e.g. by a separate quality control inspection team rather than by the workers themselves 5 Inspection is often not compatible with more modern production techniques (e.g. Just in Time Manufacturing) which do not allow time for much (if any) inspection. 6 Working capital is tied up in stocks which cannot be sold 7 There is often disagreement as to what constitutes a quality product. For example, to meet quotas, inspectors may approve goods that dont meet 100% conformance, giving the message to workers that it doesnt matter if their work is a bit sloppy. Or one quality control inspector may follow different procedures from another, or use different measurements. As a result of the above problems, many businesses have focused their efforts on improving quality by implementing quality management techniques which emphasise the role of quality assurance. As Deming (a quality guru) wrote: Inspection with the aim of finding the bad ones and throwing them out is too late, ineffective, costly. Quality comes not from inspection but from improvement of the process. ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ total quality management tqm Total quality management is a popular quality management concept. However, it is about much more than just assuring product or service quality. TQM is a business philosophy a way of doing business. It describes ways to managing people and business processes to ensure complete customer satisfaction at every stage. TQM is often associated with the phrase doing the right things right, first time. This revision note summarises the main features of TQM. Like most quality management concepts, TQM views quality entirely from the point of view of the customer. All businesses have many types of customer. A customer can be someone internal to the business (e.g. a production employee working at the end of the production line is the customer of the employees involved earlier in the production process). A customer can also be external to the business. This is the kind of customer you will be familiar with. When you fly with an airline you are their customer. When Tescos buys products from food manufacturers, it is a customer. TQM recognises that all businesses require processes that enable customer requirements to be met. TQM focuses on the ways in which these processes can be managed with two key objectives: 1 100% customer satisfaction 2 Zero defects The Importance of Customer Supplier Relationships Quality Chains TQM focuses strongly on the importance of the relationship between customers (internal and external) and supplier. These are known as the quality chains and they can be broken at any point by one person or one piece of equipment not meeting the requirements of the customer. Failure to meet the requirements in any part of a quality chain has a way of multiplying, and failure in one part of the system creates problems elsewhere, leading to yet more failure and problems, and so the situation is exacerbated. The ability to meet customers (external and internal) requirements is vital. To achieve quality throughout a business, every person in the quality chain must be trained to ask the following questions about every customer-supplier chain: Customers à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Who are my customers? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ What are their real needs and expectations? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ How can I measure my ability to meet their needs and expectations? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Do I have the capability to meet their needs and expectations? (If not, what must I do to improve this capability?) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Do I continually meet their needs and expectations? (If not, what prevents this from happening when the capability exists?) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ How do I monitor changes in their needs and expectations? Suppliers: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Who are my internal suppliers? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ What are my true needs and expectations? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ How do I communicate my needs and expectations to my suppliers? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Do my suppliers have the capability to measure and meet these needs and expectations? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ How do I inform them of changes in my needs and expectations? Main Principles of TQM The main principles that underlie TQM are summarised below: Prevention Prevention is better than cure. In the long run, it is cheaper to stop products defects than trying to find them Zero defects The ultimate aim is no (zero) defects or exceptionally low defect levels if a product or service is complicated Getting things right first time Better not to produce at all than produce something defective Quality involves everyone Quality is not just the concern of the production or operations department it involves everyone, including marketing, finance and human resources Continuous improvement Businesses should always be looking for ways to improve processes to help quality Employee involvement Those involved in production and operations have a vital role to play in spotting improvement opportunities for quality and in identifying quality problems Introducing TQM into a Business TQM is not an easy concept to introduce into businesses particularly those that have not traditionally concerned themselved too much with understanding customer needs and business processes. In fact many attempts to introduce TQM fail! One of the reasons for the challenge of introducing TQM is that it has significant implications for the whole business. For example, it requires that management give employees a say in the production processes that they are involved in. In a culture of continuous improvement, workforce views are invaluable. The problem is many businesses have barriers to involvement. For example, middle managers may feel that their authority is being challenged. So empowerment is a crucial part of TQM. The key to success is to identify the management culture before attempting to install TQM and to take steps to change towards the management style required for it. Since culture is not the first thing that managers think about, this step has often been missed or ignored with resultant failure of a TQM strategy. TQM also focuses the business on the activities of the business that are closest to the customer e.g. the production department, the employees facing the customer. This can cause resentment amongst departments that previously considered themselves above the shop floor. +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++